Compare and Contrast Mayo with Taylor - 2312 Words

COMPARE AND CONTARST THE ATTITUDES OF THEN SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THOUGHT (TAYLOR et al) WITH THOSE OF THE HUAMAN RELTIONS MOVEMENT (MAYO et al) WITH REGARD TO PEOPLE AT WORK. Frederick Winslow Taylor also known as F.W.Taylor and George Elton Mayo have given some important definitions to the management work in the past. F.W.Taylor the Father of Scientific Management opposed the rule of thumb and said that there is only ‘one best way of doing work’ where as Elton Mayo proposed that the importance of groups affects the behaviour of individuals at work. As the topic suggests, there are many contrasts between Taylor and Mayo but the only similarity between these is that they both wanted to that more production can be possible only†¦show more content†¦For this, management should not close it ears to any constructive suggestions made by the employees. If any important decisions are taken, workers should be taken into confidence. At the same time workers should desist from going on strike and making unreasonable demands on management. According to Taylor, there should be an almost equal division of work and responsibility between workers and management. 4) Development of each and every person to His or Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity: - Taylor was of the view that the concern for efficiency could be built in right from the process of employee selection. Each person should be scientifically selected. The work assigned should suit her/his physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. To increase efficiency, they should be given the required training. Efficient employees would produce more and earn more. This will ensure their greatest efficiency and prosperity for both company and workers. Techniques of Scientific Management 1) Functional Foremanship: - Taylor concentrated on improving the performance of the foreman who represents the managerial figure with whom the workers are in face – to – face contact on daily basis. He identified a list of qualities of a good foreman/supervisor and found that no single person could fit them all. Thus, he promoted functional foremanship through eight persons. Under the factory manager there was a planning incharge and aShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Management Theories of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo and Douglas Mcgregor. in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Similar and/or Compatible? in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Dissimilar and/or Incompatible? H...2126 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast the management theories of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo and Douglas McGregor. In what sense(s) are these theories similar and/or compatible? In what sense(s) are these theories dissimilar and/or incompatible? How woul d a contingency theorist reconcile the points of dissimilarity and/or incompatibility between these approaches? The twentieth century has brought in a number of management theories which have helped shaped our view of management in the presentRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Management Theories of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo and Douglas Mcgregor. in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Similar and/or Compatible? in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Dissimilar and/or Compatible? How Wo...1899 Words   |  8 Pagesways to motivate employees and improve productivity. A need for management ideas arise which lead to classical contributors such as Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol generating management theories such as Taylor’ Scientific Management and Fayol’s Administrative Management. In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s the Hawthorne studies were conducted where Elton Mayo was the predominate figure and contributed to the Behavioural viewpoint. This brought about a Human Relations Movement which included DouglasRead MoreThe Scientific Model And Human Relations Model1656 Words   |  7 Pagescapacity to change and think creatively. In order to do this, I will explore the key features of each model and compare and contrast them accordingly. I will also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these models and consider the effect these have on current business challenges in developed economies. Main Body The scientific model of management was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 -1915) and was a response to the issue of production efficiency within factories. Scientific managementRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 PagesThis theory is powerful as incentives can be used to get people to engage in certain behaviours, plus stop them from doing certain behaviours. Furthermore the structure of this theory in day to day lives makes it very useful. In contrast to this theory you can compare and distinguish between (Lawley King) Pavlov and his classical conditioning (1927) who while investigation the digestive system of dogs noticed a dog’s natural response to salivate when faced with stimulus of bowl in food. PavlovRead MoreTaylorism and Human Relations school of thought2175 Words   |  9 Pagesmanagement approaches of Taylorism (scientific management ) and the Human Relations School of thought. First the writer would like to compare and contrast of the two theories. This is followed by the central tenets of both models and finally giving examples of how they are still applied in contemporary societyCompare and ContrastManagement articles usually consider Mayo as the founder of the Haman Relations Movement. It is true, but is kind of thought looks like human relations and Taylorism are opposedRead MoreScientific Management and Human Relations Movement2012 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Management thought (Taylor et al) with those of the Human Relations Movement (Mayo et al) with regard to people at work† â€Å"Getting things done through people†, according to Mary Parker Follet (1941) is management. Management is said to have no fixed definition, but different authorities on management have different views on it. There are many theories on management. The Classical Theory comprising Scientific Management of Taylor,Read MorePublic Sector Organizational Theory ( Postmodernism )1630 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Sector Organizational Theory Introduction This essay compares and contrasts the â€Å"Classical† and â€Å"Human Relations† approaches to management. It focuses on how these approaches are similar and compatible and looks at their differences and incompatibilities. It then explores how systems theory and contingency theory can reconcile the incompatibilities between the approaches. The question of authority in public administration has historically been a tacit one framed in terms of the public administrationRead MoreCompare and Contrast of the Classical School of Management and the Human Relations School of Management1531 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast of the classical school of management and the human relations school of management The classical or traditional approach to management was generally concerned with the structure and the activities of formal organization. The utmost importance in the achievement of an effective organization were seen to be the issues such as the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, the division of work, and the span of control. The classical management focuses on the efficiency and includesRead MoreCompare and Contrast of the Classical School of Management and the Human Relations School of Management1545 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast of the classical school of management and the human relations school of management The classical or traditional approach to management was generally concerned with the structure and the activities of formal organization. The utmost importance in the achievement of an effective organization were seen to be the issues such as the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, the division of work, and the span of control. The classical management focuses on the efficiency andRead MoreThe Differences Between Scientific Management And The Human Relations Approach1878 Words   |  8 PagesGraham Word count: 1604 Essay Question Grey (2013), amongst others, argues that the differences between scientific management and the human relations approach are ‘tactical’ and that both are pursuing the same ends. Critically compare and contrast these two schools of management thought. If one were to look at successful companies today and ask; what is the key to their success? One would identify a few important factors. Of course their products and service

Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

One illustration of diagnostic trial for the musculoskeletal system is Electromyography ( EMG ) . This diagnostic trial evaluates and records electrical activity of musculuss. It aids in diagnosing of lower motor nerve cell and peripheral nervus upsets. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the process, an electomyograph is used to bring forth a record called EMG, which determines what sort of upset the patient have. Small pins or acerate leafs are inserted into the musculuss and low electrical currents are passed through these, to mensurate the electrical activity of the patient ‘s musculuss. These electrical activity, determines the patient ‘s musculus ability to react when the nervus in the musculuss are stimulated. 2. Discuss musculoskeletal alterations associated with the aging procedure. When people ages, decrease motor activity are the frequently observation that can be sighted. This alteration is due to diminish motor nerve cells and motor fibres that are bring forth when a individual increases his/her age. Muscle mass is besides affected, in footings that the thin musculus mass is decreased while fat additions. The flexibleness and scope of gesture of an older individual are affected due to alterations in collagen construction and diminish physical activity, these decline consequences to muscle stiffness, joint spasms/pain, and decreased scope of gesture. Sensorimotor of an older grownup is besides affected. Due to aging, reduced neurotransmitters are produced that consequences decline of encephalon cells. In stead with this, the older grownup experience, lessening perceptual experience to quiver, temperature, and force per unit area. 3. Discuss patient readying for an arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, is a surgical direction in treating/diagnosing musculus upset by analyzing the internal construction of a joint utilizing an instrument called arthroscope. In fixing a patient for this process, the wellness status of the patient is the first thing to see. The patient should non hold bosom and lung diseases, should non hold taken decoagulants ( blood dilutants ) hebdomads before the process, do n’t hold diabetes and high blood force per unit area to be able to measure up for this process. Physical scrutiny, blood trials and uranalysis are done to hold baselines for the patient ‘s wellness. If the patient is positive for any bosom or lung jobs, electrocardiogram ( EKG ) and chest X ray are done to measure the patient ‘s wellness capacity if he/she is capable for this process. 4. Discuss constituents of a musculoskeletal physical appraisal. In musculoskeletal physical appraisal, the cephalocaudal mode is followed along with IPPA, ROM and musculus testing are used in analyzing the musculoskeletal status of the patient. The equipments to be used are tape step, goniometer – to mensurate joint angles and tegument marker pen. Get downing of with this appraisal, stance and pace is assessed, the spinal column for any curvature and position, temporomandibular articulation, thoracolumbar spinal column, upper appendages ( shoulder, shoulder blade, caput, thorax, cervix, arm, cubitus, carpuss, custodies, and fingers ) , lower appendages ( hip, articulatio genus, mortise joint, pes and toes tenderness, hardened musculus cramps, swelling, flexure of the musculuss of the patient are assessed. Web Assignment 1. Sum up an article discoursing techniques used in measuring the musculoskeletal system. How do the constituents of the wellness history guide the appraisal? In an article that I had read, musculoskeletal system appraisal is foremost started with current ailments of the patient. In footings of if he/she has joint, muscular, skeletal ailments, hurt or back hurting. The wellness history of the patient is reviewed, compromised of past history – injury: nervousnesss, articulations, castanetss, soft tissue, surgery on bone or joint, skeletal malformations, and chronic unwellness, household history – inborn abnormalcies or familial upsets, present unwellness, and personal and societal history. Health history reappraisals are normally done in order to find the implicit in hazard factors on why the patient has the present disablement. It besides give cognition to the wellness squad member that will execute the trial the extent of physical appraisal he/she will execute to the patient in order to forestall any farther complications if the patient has any unwellness that he/she ca n’t make in holding the appraisal. In readying for this, equipments – tegument marker pens, tape step and goniometer ( to mensurate joint angles ) are needed to execute the appraisal. The techniques normally used in cephalocaudal mode – IPPA, ROM, and musculus testing. In IPPA it is compromised of – Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation. In review, the alliance, contour, symmetricalness, tallness and weight, gross malformation, position ( standing and sitting ) , pace and mobility ( walking and standing ) , size and form, contour and overall visual aspect of musculus mass are normally assessed with the patient. In tactual exploration, swelling, tenderness, heat, nodules, multitudes, edema are frequently examined. The scope of gesture ( ROM ) of the patient is tested if the patient can travel his/her articulations and musculus freely without the presence of hurting. The musculus strength is tested by using opposition while the patient is traveling his/her articulations and musculuss. N ormally the flexure, extension, sidelong bending, rotary motion, abduction, adduction, inversion, and eversion are normally tested in patient ‘s ROM. Physical appraisal of musculoskeletal system, are needed to cognize beforehand any unnatural status with a individual. Proper mode of appraisal should be followed in order to hold an organized work and accurate consequences in the patient status. Always retrieve to admit patients feelings of hurting and uncomfortableness in order to forestall any farther more complications. How to cite Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

My Trip to the Guinea Republic Essay Example For Students

My Trip to the Guinea Republic Essay In December, 2010, I visited Guinea Republic in West Africa. My destination was Conakry, Guinea’s capital city. The vacation was intended to give me ample opportunity to relax and see the world that lay on the western flank of Africa. I wanted to experience a different environment and relate with people who were different from me. Going by the stories I heard about Conakry, I had the mental picture of trees, friendly natives, amazing beaches and a comforting weather. After I booked my ticket, I decided to research a little more about where I was going. In my findings, I discovered that Guinea had fine tropical fruits and beautiful seaports. I was joyed by these inspiring findings and could not wait to leave the country. I had already packed suitable clothing and other gadgets, as I got ready to travel. The following day, I bade my family goodbye and took a taxi to Murtala Mohammed Airport in Lagos where I boarded a plane to Conakry. Conakry was once a small island town that had spread to the countrys mainland. It was a hub of natural wonders that comprised one-fifth of the country’s population. Conakry boasts the national stadium, Stade du 28-Septembre and the National Museum. In Conakry, the Palais du Peuple, a thriving botanical garden converged many people who came for open-air markets. Plenty of nightlife activities took place in the Palais du Peuple. Just off the coast, the Iles de Los was a popular local escape for swimming and relaxation. During my first three weeks in Conakry, I stayed with my aunt. She and her husband were missionaries in Kipe, a small town in the heart of Conakry. With the trees that assembled in the compound where I lived, I had the opportunity to take nice pictures of the edifices that lay around the vicinity from tree branches. I had travelled with my 12-pixel Canon camera. I bought the camera for the purpose of taking photographs of the environment, and also cover significant events with the video recording function it had. Nearly every afternoon, I would take a decent 30 minutes walk around the neighborhood learning and observing how the people in Conakry lived. One day, I visited a friendly neighbor whose house was just a yard away from mine. It was one of those mornings that I woke early. As I entered Sherif’s house, the sight of a type of bread called â€Å"talapa† greeted me. I had eaten it once the very day I arrived Conakry, but did not like it. It was too crispy and was baked in form of a sugar cane. The bread was about 7 inches long if measured with a tape rule, and coned on its edges. I wondered how Guineans survived with this type of bread. I was told that Guineans liked to eat talapa bread because its hardness and high starch content helped to save energy for the day’s work. I saw that their claim was true as many of them worked in the riverine areas where fishing and other maritime activities took place. At evenings, they returned home with small baskets of fishes. These were remnants of sales that were done in the day. They stored the fish after drying it in the sun with salt and local seasoning. The fish remained in their homes and was not marketable anymore. They gradually used the fish for meals until it was finished. Many people in Conakry practice Islam. Adjacent to the house where I stayed was a mosque where people within the neighborhood went to pray. Many times I saw people troop in and out of the mosque on Fridays. Women wore their â€Å"hijabs† and female children did the same. The â€Å"hijab† was any clothing or veil that covered the females from the public. Females were only to be seen by their husbands and were not allowed to show their body. This was a typical Islamic belief. In the mosque on weekdays, people would go in to fetch water. The Imam of the mosque provided tap water for the neighborhood. I fetched water in gallons from the mosque sometimes when we ran out of water supply in my aunt’s house. The Imam, who I presumed was in his late fifties, had four wives serving in his house. From my observation, two of his wives bore him children. .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 , .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .postImageUrl , .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 , .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:hover , .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:visited , .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:active { border:0!important; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:active , .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71 .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10a6a1f5cab18cb9895826aecb66fc71:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Youth Unemployment EssayWhenever I went to fetch water, I would try unmasking the women with my eyes in an attempt to see what their faces looked like. All my efforts always proved abortive as the women were constantly veiled. A surprising development sufficed one day, as I fetched from the tap in the mosque. I happened to have seen the women inside their house unveiled. I saw that these women were young and very beautiful. I had imagined why such adorable damsels would be in married to a man old enough to be their father. As weeks dragged by, I became bored and decided to lodge into a hotel. I had only spent 100,000 Guinea Francs that was equivalent to 2,350 in Naira. I still had enough money to spend. I had experienced the average life of people in the Kipe neighborhood, but did not seem satisfied with it. I thought moving into an exquisite hotel was perfect at that time. I lodged into Novotel Ghi hotel in the center of Conakry. The hotel was a three star hotel in a residential area close to the sea. The hotel offered 196 spacious air-conditioned rooms, two restaurants, two bars and five conference rooms for meetings and seminars. I bobbled in excitement because of the qualities the hotel boasted. This Guinean masterpiece was suited for business trips and holidays, and was about 20 minutes from Gbessia Airport in Conakry. The hotel offered free airport transfer service to customers. In its huge expanse of land were a private car park, a tennis court and a gym. The hotel also had a swimming pool. The swimming pool could be likened to that which Michael Phelps, the US Olympic medalist swam in 2012. It was a magnificent pool that was adorned with â€Å"swimmers† who had lodged in the hotel. I was lucky that the topmost room in the first floor of the building was available for me to stay. I had seldom viewed pretty Conakry from the window of my room upstairs. When I was tired and felt like not participating in activities on the ground floor, I watched people in the poolside. During my stay at the hotel, I met an interesting Guinean who told me a lot about the culture and the people of Guinea. His name was Haaji; a tall good-looking man in his early thirties. Haji adored the Guinean brocade and would always wear it whenever he took me around in his taxi to visit places in the city. He owned a 1998 model of Toyota Camry. Neat and brightly looking, Haaji exemplified friendliness and liveliness. His presence was one that I looked forward to. He told me that despite the French colonial rule in Guinea, Guineans had a certain form of greeting and their own set of values, norms and ethics. He maintained that even though some of their values were somewhat influenced by their French colonial masters, they still had their own way of life. The language of instruction in Guinea was French, yet many people spoke their native languages in place of French. In Guinea, Madinka, Malinke, and Susu were the three main tribal languages. These were languages that the Fulanis, Malinkes and the Soussou people spoke. The Fulanis were referred to as the Peul people. They make up 40 percent of the population. The Malinke people make up 30 percent of the population and mostly live in the eastern part of the country. The Soussou tribe has only 20 percent of the population. Haaji’s knowledge about Guinea was striking and informative as well, as I learnt about Guinea in great details. After two months of vacationing, I returned back to Lagos. I had spent time exploring a neighboring West African country that had caught my fancy. My Conakry travel was a lifetime experience that occupied a significant part of my memory. .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a , .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .postImageUrl , .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a , .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:hover , .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:visited , .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:active { border:0!important; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:active , .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77ab9f964673a9a696ecfe43b4752a9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Essay PaperThe journey had given me insight into the myriads of ethnic diversities present in the world, and how they lived and interacted. The â€Å"birds-of –the-same-feather-flock-together† saying suggested that birds have a cordial sense of interaction amongst themselves, even though they always seek to protect their territories. Even as birds flock in the sky in great numbers, they do not hit themselves down to the ground. I drew lessons from these birds that somehow cohabit peacefully. On the other hand, I discard the territorial aggressive characteristic also exerted by birds seeking to always protect their te rritories from external influence. I believe that as human beings, I am expected to reason better than birds that irrespective of their wonderful cohabitation with others still border about their territories being trespassed. I am of the view that imbibing the habit of accommodating others, and showing love regardless of where I hail from, is a beautiful thing to do. Despite the different shades of colors, cultures and the idiosyncrasies embedded in the values and interests many different races radiate, I cannot help but love the world I live in. Travelling to different places around the world will always be something I will do.

Vulnerable Populations Essays - Mental Health,

Vulnerable Populations Vulnerable Populations All communities contain a mentally ill population. Their behavior is considered to be inappropriate and abnormal. Every society has cultivated solutions in which to treat the mentally ill in order to prevent disruption of the strong civil function. Normal behavior varies through generations and societies. When deciding if a person is mentally ill, the generation and culture must be taken into consideration. Approximately 26 percent of the U.S. population suffers from mental illness, with six percent of that percentage suffering from such debilitating mental afflictions that their ability to function is limited. The History of Mental Illness In ancient times, mental illness was thought to be madness caused by demonic possession. Skulls of the mad were drilled to allow the demon to escape. During the middle ages, mental illness was believed to be the result of witchcraft and demonic control. The tormented were treated as criminals and subject to torturous acts. They were often tied up and thrown into bitterly cold waters. If the person floated, they were considered to be a witch and were murdered in an inhumane and heinous manner. If the suspected sunk, they were found not guilty of witchcraft. The freezing water was accepted as a cure for madness. By the mid 1700s, mental illness was considered an issue for the afflicteds family. As the American colonies grew, the mentally ill began to negatively impact the society. Almshouses were used to board the mentally ill. Specialized hospitals were constructed for the insane. Mistreatment and abuse of the mentally ill were common and continued through the 19th century. Moral treatment of the mentally ill began in the 18th century when Phillipe Pinel discovered 5,000 patients chained to walls and released them. Dorthea Dix was a U.S. social activist who made an appeal to the Massachusetts State Legislature for more humane and benevolent care of the mentally ill in asylums. Dixs plea accrued regulated conditions in asylums. Most asylums and almshouses were obsolete by the beginning of the 20th century. State psychiatric institutions became the chief means of serving the mentally ill. However, reports of abuse and neglect in state hospitals were prevalent. In 1900, Clifford Beers, a privileged businessman, suffered a nervous breakdown after a family catastrophe. He was admitted to numerous mental hospitals and each was abusive and defamatory. In 1908, Beers penned his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself. The book discusses his mental deterioration as well as the mental and physical abuse he endured in the hospitals. Beers book was the catalyst for the founding of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (Presently the National Mental Health Association) which created mission goals, such as improved doctoring, advocacy, and minimizing the negative stereotypes of the mentally ill. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This act focused on the maintenance and issue prevention through outpatient care. Patients were released from state hospitals and treated by community facilities. This act began the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States. The Nature of the Social Problems or Issues Experienced Deinstitutionalization released thousands of mentally ill patients from psychiatric hospitals into the streets. The majority of these hospitals were shut down, which led to the difficult transition from long-term care to short-term hospital visits. Those with no family or support system were left with nowhere to go and forced to live on the streets. The government approximates that 20 to 30 percent of the United States homeless population suffer from severe mental illness. If this estimate were to include clinical depression and substance abusers, the numbers would climb to a staggering 50 to 80 percent. There are many problems trying to get the mentally ill and homeless of the streets. They have the right to refuse treatment and unfortunately many of them do. Other obstacles that prevent the mentally ill and homeless population from receiving adequate care is the lack of government assistance, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to help pay for treatment. Many severely mentally ill men and women are so disoriented, paranoid, and confused that they are unable to participate in client/psychologist services. Another barrier is the firm participation requirements administered by mental health facilities. Severely mentally ill clients may find it difficult to abide by the rules. In order to remain in housing assistance

The eNotes Blog Powering Up Social Media and the NewClassroom

Powering Up Social Media and the NewClassroom Just a few years ago, when kids began having their own phones in large numbers, schools freaked out. At my daughters junior high, phones had to be hidden away in backpacks or lockers. Any teacher who observed a student with a phone was required to seize it. The phone was then taken to the office, and there was a $15 fine to get it out of hock. Two years later, my son is now in the same junior high. Phones and other electronic devices are no longer  pariahs; in fact, students are  encouraged  to bring their personal phones or iPads. Teachers can request that their students use them during all kinds of lessons, from geography to science, even English, to look up quotes or biographical information. Students can also use their phones during passing periods and at lunch. (I suspect there will be a lot more fund raisers this year, seeing as how the cash cow of phone seizing is no longer being milked. ) Of course, it isnt just the fact that teachers and administrators are tired of fighting the ubiquitous phones and their larger cousins. Slowly, educators are realizing the benefits of social media. And, as those in charge learn more about the remarkable versatility of the internet, the applications are becoming an integral part of the students learning experience, arguably making them more engaged and interactive than ever before. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and even one of the relatively new social media sites, Pinterest, are giving education a much-needed boost. Here are a few of the ways educators are employing the power and persuasion of social media: Twitter:   Teachers have been setting up subject or class Twitter accounts that students can follow. The teacher then tweets information related to their class. Some even set homework via Twitter, reports  The Guardian,  in their article Social media for schools: A guide to Twitter, Facebook, and Pinterest. Twitter, as many have discovered, is also often the fastest way to find out about breaking news. Facebook:   I have often asked my own students to post a specific status and have their friends respond. Then, the following class period, we discuss those responses. For example, I recently had them read Hal Niedzvieckis New York Times  article, Facebook in a Crowd. Niedzviecki wonders what would happen if he invited many of his virtual friends to a real life cocktail party. Of the several hundred invitations, twenty people accepted; one actually showed up. I asked my students to post as their status, Is a virtual friend a real friend? We had a lively discussion that could not have happened otherwise. Pinterest:   Not just a place to pin your favorite recipes or cute cat photos. Many teachers have found great success, especially for their highly visual learners, using Pinterests Tutorials. Here, among other things, you can learn, step-by-step, how to create QR codes, or become more proficient in Photoshop, or learn how a touchscreen works. Tumblr:   Again, a great site for students and educators. More and more companies have begun to tumbl, as it is a great way to find archival materials as well as current news and discussions. Some of my favorites, which I often use to prepare lectures, are the tumblrs of The Paris Review, Life  Magazine, the  New York Public Library,   NPRs  Fresh Air,  and, of course, .   How do YOU use social media in the classroom? Whether you are a teacher or a student, wed love to know.

Liberal Feminism

Liberal Feminism One of Four Feminisms In 1983, Alison Jaggar published Feminist Politics and Human Nature where she defined four theories related to feminism: liberal feminism, Marxism, radical feminism, and socialist feminism. Her analysis was not completely new; the varieties of feminism had begun to differentiate as early as the 1960s. Jaggars contribution was in clarifying, extending and solidifying the various definitions, which are still often used today. Goals of Liberal Feminism What she described as liberal feminism is theory and work that focuses more on issues like equality in the workplace, in education, in political rights. Where liberal feminism looks at issues in the private sphere, it tends to be regarding equality: how does that private life impede or enhance public equality. Thus, liberal feminists also tend to support marriage as an equal partnership, and more male involvement in child care.  Abortion and other reproductive rights  have to do with control of ones life choices and autonomy. Ending domestic violence and sexual harassment have to do with removing obstacles to women achieving on an equal level with men. Liberal feminisms primary goal is gender equality in the public sphere, equal access to education, equal pay, ending job sex segregation, better working conditions, won primarily through legal changes. Private sphere issues are of concern mainly as they influence or impede equality in the public sphere. Gaining access to and being paid and promoted equally in traditionally male-dominated occupations is an important goal. What do women want? Liberal feminism answers: mostly, what men want: to get an education, to make a decent living, to provide for ones family. Means and Methods Liberal feminism tends to rely on the state and political rights to gain equality to see the state as the protector of individual rights. Liberal feminism, for example, supports affirmative action legislation requiring employers and educational institutions to make special attempts to include women in the pool of applicants, on the assumption that past and current discrimination may simply overlook many qualified women applicants. The Equal Rights Amendment was a key goal for many years of liberal feminists, from the original womens suffrage proponents who moved to advocate a federal equality amendment, too many of the feminists of the 1960s and 1970s in organizations including the National Organization for Women. The text of the Equal Rights Amendment, as passed by Congress and sent to the states in the 1970s, is classical liberal feminism: Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.While not denying that there may be biologically-based differences between men and women, liberal feminism cannot see that these are adequate justification for inequality, such as the wage gap between men and women. Critics Critics of liberal feminism point to a lack of critique of basic gender relationships, a focus on state action which links womens interests to those of the powerful, a lack of class or race analysis, and a lack of analysis of ways in which women are different from men. Critics often accuse liberal feminism of judging women and their success by male standards. White feminism is a kind of liberal feminism which assumes that the issues facing white women are the issues all women face, and that unity around liberal feminist goals is more important than racial equality and other such goals.  Intersectionality was a theory developed in criticism of liberal feminisms common blindspot on race. In more recent years, liberal feminism has sometimes been conflated with a kind of libertarian feminism, sometimes called equity feminism or individual feminism. Individual feminism often opposes legislative or state action, preferring to emphasize developing the skills and abilities of women to compete better in the world as it is. This feminism opposes laws that give either men or women advantages and privileges. Bibliography: Alison M. Jaggar. Feminist Politics and Human Nature.Drucilla Cornell. At the Heart of Freedom: Feminism, Sex, and Equality.Josephine Donovan. Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions of American Feminism.Elizabeth Fox-Genovese. Feminism Without Illusions: A Critique of Individualism.Betty Friedan. The Feminine Mystique.Catharine MacKinnon. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State.John Stuart Mill. The Subjection of Women.Mary Wollstonecraft. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Music - Essay Example is first work 9 Variations in C Minor† was published in 1782, when his age was 12.At the age of 14 he was the organist in the court of â€Å"Maximillian Franz, Elector of Cologne.† His meeting with Mozart took place in â€Å"Vienna in 1787.† Mozart highly appreciated the musical talents of Beethoven. In Vienna, he took music lessons from masters like Haydan, Salieri and Albrechtsberger. His talents won him admiration in the music circles of Vienna. â€Å"He composed Opus 1, the Trios for Piano,† in the year 1794. In 1795, he gave â€Å"his first public performance† in an academy known as Vienna and then began his tour to Prague, Leipzig, Dresden, berlin and Budapest. Notwithstanding his music talents, as a person, he was known for â€Å"his impulsive behavior.† â€Å"In 1800 in a new concert at Vienna† he presented â€Å"his first symphony.† With his innovations he was crossing the established norms â€Å"of music.† In 1801, he began to realize that he was turning deaf. This health issue turned him cynical and his life was useless and purposeless with this deficiency, he thought. But his passion for music was too strong and he kept pushing to the front. He engaged himself in what is known as Beethoven music, Sonatas for Piano, the second and the third symphonies, The Eroica and in due course many such creations. He wrote his 3rd symphony in honor of Bonaparte. On April, 7, 1805, the Erocia symphony was played for the first time. His creativity began to flourish. Pastora, Coriolan Overtue and Letter for Elise are some of his immortal creations. He fell in love with several of his students. Beethoven was given an annual grant of 4,000 florins, by his rich admirers and with that assistance it was possible for him to function as an independent composer. He was free to compose what he wanted, a true freelancer, under the command of nobody. When Archduke Rudolph became Cardinal, Beethoven began to composing his mass in D. The ninth symphony was completed in 1823. Soon,